A third of the world’s population lives under authoritarian rule. It is important, therefore, that we have a full understanding of the politics of authoritarian regimes.
One key aspect of these regimes, essential to their functioning, is the role of the political institutions through which authoritarian governments rule. These governments create prima facie democratic institutions such as political parties, legislatures and advisory councils. They allow multi-party competition and even encourage elections. Yet institutions under authoritarian rulers are quite distinct from their namesakes in democracies. This is largely because, as Andreas Schedler writes, their dream is “to reap the fruits of electoral legitimacy without running the risks of democratic uncertainty”.
Institutions in authoritarian regimes are certainly not mere window dressing. Irrespective of regime type, all have a common goal. Their rulers seek to remain in office for as long as possible, else they risk arrest, exile, or execution.
Authoritarian rulers tend to be insecure and fear high-ranking officials conspiring to overthrow them. Such insecurity influences their institutions, which are designed with the express intent to disadvantage their opponents.
Institutions, then, do not act as external constraints on rulers, as they do in democracies. Quite the reverse: they operate in the interests of authoritarian rulers, by stabilising authoritarian governments and regimes, and reducing the risk of coups.
Weak institutions
There are different ways to use institutions in elections, parties and the legislative process. Despite rhetoric enshrining the ballot box, authoritarian rulers are reluctant to abandon power. Elections in authoritarian regimes thus communicate to the electorate that opposition is pointless.
Studies show that authoritarian regimes that hold elections are more robust and durable than regimes that do not. Authoritarian elections are open to manipulation because parties lack democratic freedoms and resources. And authoritarian legislation is rarely amended or blocked by putatively democratic institutions.
In authoritarian regimes, 95% of legislative bills pass into law, compared with 76% in democracies.
Institutions in authoritarian regimes tend to be weak, creating property rights which Daron Acemoğlu and James Robinson call “extractive”. Regimes exploit such rights to wield power, and the beneficiaries are few. In autocracies, political power protects monopolies and blocks the redistribution of resources.
Similarly, the provision of public goods and welfare-enhancing policies remains weak in authoritarian regimes. This is unsurprising since, as Acemoğlu and Robinson write of Barbados and Latin America, welfare can challenge authoritarian governments and reduce their likelihood of survival: “Economic institutions… enabled these elites… to build armies and security forces to defend their absolutist monopoly of political power.”
In Mexico, the corporatist party, Partido Revolucionario Institucional, has made it almost impossible for other parties to contest its monopoly. Pro-Partido Revolucionario Institucional labour unions receive exclusive benefits inaccessible to the rest of the population, including healthcare, subsidised housing and pensions. Dissident workers, by contrast, are excluded. Likewise, public goods tend to be allocated through a process of co-option, a common feature of authoritarian governments.
Thus, in authoritarian regimes, economic policies and institutions benefit the government and its supporters at the expense of the economic and social development of the nation.
Unreformable regimes?
This does not mean that all authoritarian regimes end up with poor economic performance. The economies of the authoritarian Asian Tigers, contemporary China and Chile under Pinochet are examples of economic success stories.
But the vast majority of authoritarian regimes remain relatively under-developed. The disastrously functioning economies of Zaire, Uganda and Haiti demonstrate how difficult it is to grow economies under authoritarian regimes.
When authoritarian rulers exploit political institutions for their own ends, the result is a weak state, economically fragile and open to political manipulation. Rulers in such states design their institutions to intensify the underdevelopment trap. Cashflow is important to them, so they increase revenues in the short term. But they provide no opportunities to develop an extensive tax base or a diverse economy.
Beneficiaries of authoritarian largesse may harbour the ambition to hold high office in the future. These beneficiaries might even be current opponents waiting their turn to rule. Authoritarian regimes, therefore, avoid creating institutions that might challenge the current ruler’s survival or benefit the opposition.
In short, as long-existing institutions do not threaten authoritarian rulers’ survival, they are unlikely to change. The consequence is that resources continue to be distributed unfairly and states remain politically weak.
This story first appeared on scroll.in
